QTL Analysis and Candidate Gene Mapping for the Polyphenol Content in Cider Apple
Publication Overview
Abstract Polyphenols have favorable antioxidant potential on human health suggesting that their high content is responsible for the
beneficial effects of apple consumption. They control the quality of ciders as they predominantly account for astringency,
bitterness, color and aroma. In this study, we identified QTLs controlling phenolic compound concentrations and the
average polymerization degree of flavanols in a cider apple progeny. Thirty-two compounds belonging to five groups of
phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by reversed phase liquid chromatography on both fruit extract and
juice, over three years. The average polymerization degree of flavanols was estimated in fruit by phloroglucinolysis coupled
to HPLC. Parental maps were built using SSR and SNP markers and used for the QTL analysis. Sixty-nine and 72 QTLs were
detected on 14 and 11 linkage groups of the female and male maps, respectively. A majority of the QTLs identified in this
study are specific to this population, while others are consistent with previous studies. This study presents for the first time
in apple, QTLs for the mean polymerization degree of procyanidins, for which the mechanisms involved remains unknown
to this day. Identification of candidate genes underlying major QTLs was then performed in silico and permitted the
identification of 18 enzymes of the polyphenol pathway and six transcription factors involved in the apple anthocyanin
regulation. New markers were designed from sequences of the most interesting candidate genes in order to confirm their
co-localization with underlying QTLs by genetic mapping. Finally, the potential use of these QTLs in breeding programs is
discussed.
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